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HomeImagesIMG_9697 Edouard Vuillard. 1868-1940. Paris. Usine de fabrication d'armement de...

IMG_9697 Edouard Vuillard. 1868-1940. Paris. Usine de fabrication d’armement de Lyon: Les Tours Lyon Armament Manufacturing Factory: Les Tours. 1917. Troyes. Musée d’art moderne. exposition à Paris Orsay.

IMG_9697 Edouard Vuillard. 1868-1940. Paris. Usine de fabrication d’armement de Lyon: Les Tours Lyon Armament Manufacturing Factory: Les Tours. 1917. Troyes. Musée d’art moderne. exposition à Paris Orsay.
real tour vision
Image by jean louis mazieres
Edouard Vuillard. 1868-1940. Paris.
Usine de fabrication d’armement de Lyon: Les Tours
Lyon Armament Manufacturing Factory: Les Tours. 1917.
Troyes. Musée d’art moderne. exposition à Paris Orsay.

1815/30-1940 UNE PERIODE PLURIELLE
DE LA PEINTURE EUROPENNE 2

De 1830/1850 à 1940 environ, c’est en Europe la période de l’Art Moderne.
Le 19è siècle et les toutes premières années du 20è, en Europe, se caractérisent en peinture par la très grande diversité des thèmes abordés par les peintres, dans un registre aussi bien profane que religieux. De même que par la grande diversité des techniques picturales, tantôt classiques, tantôt modernes, utilisées souvent simultanément. Cette période de la peinture européenne est multiple, comme en équilibre entre son riche passé et un avenir encore mal défini. Pendant tout ce siècle l’Europe n’obéit pas à une idéologie unique. Au contraire, des élites partisanes de doctrines très différentes, prétendent à la domination du continent, mais sans pouvoir s’imposer seules et exclure leurs rivaux. En peinture c’est un magnifique chant du cygne de l’Europe, qui se déploie dans un environnement politique totalement chaotique, marqué par des guerres absurdes et autodestructrices.
Quand l’Europe se suicide politiquement, son art explose, une fois de plus, (une dernière fois ?) dans un festival de Beauté et d’Inventivité.
Un Art très imaginatif, dont l’extraordinaire diversité, technique et thématique, est le reflet des tensions existantes entre les différentes composantes de la culture européenne, les différentes croyances alors encore vivantes dans cette fin de l’Europe :
– Les croyances traditionnelles héritées des valeurs du passé de l’Europe, qui sont encore très actives dans le peuple, et aussi dans une partie de l’élite économique, idéologique et politique. Dieu, la Religion, les Devoirs, Ordre, Tradition, Travail, Famille, Patrie …
– Les croyances nouvelles, revendiquant les idées conçues par la nouvelle idéologie montante, la nouvelle religion pour tous les Hommes, celle des Lumières : Révolution, Science, Progrès, Homme, Démocratie, les Droits, Bonheur, Modernité….De nouvelles valeurs très influentes dans une autre partie de l’élite économique, idéologique et politique de l’Europe.
Cette diversité des croyances en des valeurs différentes et même totalement opposées est l’explication de ce double constat :
En politique des affrontements incessants et meurtriers, jusqu’aux génocides à répétition.
En peinture, l’Art Moderne, ce sont des inventions remarquables : Une esthétique renouvelée par l’observation des arts du passé de l’Europe : byzantins, romans et gothiques. La peinture plate de ces "temps obscurs" a en réalité inspiré toute la peinture de l’Art Moderne. Mais d’autres approches du Beau ont été développées : l’esquisse, le tachisme…. et une nouveauté absolue apparaît, du moins en Europe: l’Art Abstrait. En Europe, parce que dans le domaine de l’art abstrait, la Chine nous avait précédé, de très loin.
Les artistes bénéficient de cette situation de concurrence idéologique : ils y gagnent la liberté de peindre selon leurs goûts et leurs idées propres. Ils ne sont pas contraints d’obéir aux injonctions d’institutions officielles ou dominantes. En France la résistance de l’Académie à la peinture impressionniste n’a duré que quelques années. Le 19è siècle et le début du 20è siècle sont très certainement dans toute l’histoire de la peinture européenne la période où les artistes ont jouit de la plus grande liberté.
Les artistes européens de cette époque ont la liberté de choisir leurs thèmes dans une très large gamme de sujets et de les traiter selon pratiquement toutes les techniques possibles, aussi bien classiques que modernistes ou ressurgies d’un passé lointain comme "la peinture plate".
Comme l’écrit Aude Kerros dans "L’Imposture de l’art contemporain" (Eyrolles 2016) : " La création à Paris se définit, fait unique au monde, comme autonome. Les artistes peuvent être reconnus et légitimés en dehors de la reconnaissance de ses principaux commanditaires, l’État, l’Église et les critères de l’Académie. Paris est le lieu de la coexistence de l’académisme et de la modernité. Cette exception remarquable durera plus d’un siècle".
Il est certain que Paris est à cette époque le centre de l’art européen, mais cette situation se retrouve dans toute l’Europe au moins de l’Ouest.
C’est une première dans l’histoire européenne. Il est certain que les artistes découvrent une liberté que ne connaissaient pas leurs ancêtres de l’époque médiévale ou même de la Renaissance et des Temps Classiques.

Cela ne signifie nullement d’ailleurs que les artistes de l’époque médiévale, catholique et orthodoxe, aient vécu leur situation comme une contrainte. Tout l’art européen démontre par sa spontanéité, sa beauté, sa sincérité, sa permanence pendant mille ans, que les élites et les peuples partageaient la même vision du monde et adhéraient, sauf des exception non significatives en terme de civilisation globale, aux croyances formulées par l’Eglise catholique à l’ouest, orthodoxe à l’est.
A la Renaissance il n’apparaît aucune rupture idéologique réelle. Seulement une évolution qui ouvre à certains artistes les portes d’accès à des thèmes nouveaux tirés de l’antiquité grecque et romaine, thèmes destinés à une petite élite aristocratique et grand bourgeoise. Rien ne change en ce qui concerne la peinture destinée aux populations. On ne constate pas de réel conflit entre les deux inspirations artistiques qui se côtoient paisiblement. Les élites de ces temps n’ont pas un art séparé, elles continuent de partager avec les populations l’art religieux. Mais elles ont développé un art particulier dont les thèmes sont profanes et totalement orientés vers le passé gréco-romain de l’Europe.
La Réforme dans les pays qu’elle concerne s’impose sans souci aucun des croyances des peuples exactement comme l’avait fait le catholicisme à partir du 5è siècle. La Réforme impose ainsi l’abandon presque total des thèmes religieux ou de ceux tirés de l’antiquité, et les artistes devront se conformer à cette nouvelle idéologie. Il faudra qu’ils se tournent vers une description de la nature et de la société de leur temps. Mais là encore on n’observe pas que les artistes oeuvrant dans ce nouveau contexte aient ressenti ces nouvelles orientations comme une contrainte. Elites, artistes et populations de ces pays du nord de l’Europe, peu marqués par les influences romaines, tant celle de l’Antiquité que celle de l’Eglise, partagent sans aucun doute une même vision du monde dont leur art est une expression libre exactement comme l’avait été la peinture romane et gothique pendant un millénaire.
La peinture officielle, académique, totalement élitiste, idéologiquement monolithique et totalitaire apparaît à partir des années 1950 et suivantes, en provenance de New York, où elle était apparue dans les années 1920 et suivantes. C’est l’Art Contemporain, un art officiel, imposé, pas seulement réservé mais séparé, hautement financé, et fortement financier. Les artistes libres se réfugieront alors dans l’art commercial privé et l’art des rues. Cette dichotomie artistique est certainement très significative, un reflet de certaines caractéristiques majeures de la société contemporaine.
Le constat le plus évident est que s’est imposé en haut de l’échelle sociale un art séparé, réservé aux élites et qui n’a plus la fonction inter-sociale qui a été constamment celle des arts anciens dans l’histoire de l’Europe et même celle universelle. C’est le constat d’une rupture du dialogue entre les classes, tout au moins à ce niveau de l’art. Cela n’exclut pas nécessairement que le dialogue inter-social puisse s’établir par d’autres voies. Mais plus par le biais de l’art officiel, sauf peut être l’exception de l’ architecture.
La radio, le cinéma, la grande presse, la publicité ne fonctionnent pas comme des vecteurs d’une réelle communication entre les élites et les peuples mais bien plus essentiellement comme des instruments de propagande. Ils sont les circuits déterminants par lesquels les élites idéologiques et politiques exercent leur contrôle sur la pensée des peuples, à tous les étages de l’échelle sociale et culturelle..
L’art privé et l’art des rues, un secteur important de l’art vrai, fonctionnent plus comme des "réserves culturelles", bien délimitées, dont la fonction est fort proche de celles des réserves naturelles ou animales.
Il en est de même d’ailleurs du non art des rues, des graffitis vandales.
De tous temps, à toutes les époques, l’art autorise une lecture des conditions idéologiques, politiques, sociales, techniques, dans lequel il s’est exprimé.

1815/30 – 1940 A PLURAL PERIOD OF THE EUROPEAN PAINTING 2

From 1830/1850 to around 1940, it was in Europe the period of Modern Art.
The 19th century and the first years of the 20th, in Europe, are characterized in painting by the very great diversity of the themes addressed by the painters, in a register as well profane as religious. As well as by the great diversity of pictorial techniques, sometimes classical, sometimes modern, often used simultaneously. This period of European painting is multiple, as in balance between its rich past and a future still ill-defined. Throughout this century Europe does not obey a single ideology. On the contrary, followers elites from very different doctrines claim to dominate the continent, but can not impose themselves and exclude their rivals.
In painting it is a magnificent song of the swan of Europe, which unfolds in a totally chaotic political environment, marked by absurd and self-destructive wars.
When Europe commits suicide politically, its art explodes, once again, (one last time?) In a festival of Beauty and Inventiveness.
A very imaginative Art, whose extraordinary diversity, technical and thematic, is a reflection of the tensions existing between the different components of European culture, the different beliefs then still alive in this end of Europe:
– The traditional beliefs inherited from the values of Europe’s past, which are still very active in the people, and also in part of the economic, ideological and political elite. God, Religion, Duties, Order, Tradition, Work, Family, Fatherland …
– The new beliefs, claiming the ideas conceived by the new rising ideology, the new religion for all men, the "Lights": Revolution, Science, Progress, Man, Democracy, Rights, Happiness, Modernity …. New values very influential in another part of the economic, ideological and political elite of Europe.
This diversity of beliefs in different and even totally opposite values is the explanation of this double observation:
In politics of incessant and deadly clashes, until repeated genocides.
In painting, Modern Art, these are remarkable inventions: An aesthetic renewed by the observation of the arts of the past of Europe: Byzantine, Romanesque and Gothic. The flat painting of these "dark times" has in fact inspired all the painting of Modern Art. But other approaches of Beau have been developed: the sketch, the tachisme …. and an absolute novelty appears, at least in Europe: Abstract Art. In Europe, because in the field of abstract art, China had preceded us, from very far away.
Artists benefit from this situation of ideological competition: they gain the freedom to paint according to their own tastes and ideas. They are not forced to obey the injunctions of official or dominant institutions. In France, the Academy’s resistance to Impressionist painting lasted only a few years. The 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century are certainly in the history of European painting the period when artists enjoyed the greatest freedom.
European artists of this period have the freedom to choose their themes in a very wide range of subjects and to treat them according to practically all the possible techniques, as well classic as modernist or inspired by a distant past like "the flat painting".
As Aude de Kerros writes in "The Imposture of Contemporary Art" (Eyrolles 2016): "The creation in Paris is defined himself as autonomous, a fact unique in the world. The artists can be recognized and legitimized outside the recognition of its main sponsors, the State, the Church and the criteria of the Academy. Paris is the place of the coexistence of academism and modernity.This remarkable exception will last more than a century "
It is true that Paris was at this time the center of European art, but this situation is found throughout Europe at least from the West.
This is a first in European history. It is certain that artists discover a freedom that their ancestors of the medieval or even of the Renaissance and Classical times did not know.
This does not mean that artists of the medieval and catholic period have experienced their situation as a constraint. All the European art shows by its spontaneity, its beauty, its sincerity, its permanence for a thousand years, that the elites and peoples shared the same view of the world and adhered, except for non-significant exceptions in terms of civilization, to the beliefs formulated by the Church. Catholic in the west, orthodox in the east.
At the Renaissance there is no real ideological break. Only an evolution that opens to some artists the doors of access to new themes drawn from Greek and Roman antiquity, themes intended for a small aristocratic elite and bourgeois. Nothing changes as far as painting for the peoples. There is no real conflict between the two artistic inspirations that coexist peacefully. The elites of those times do not have a separate art, they continue to share religious art with the peoples. But the elites have developed a particular art whose themes are profane and totally oriented towards the Greco-Roman past of Europe.
The Reformation in the countries it concerns imposes themselves without concern any of the beliefs of the peoples exactly as Catholicism had done at the 5th century. The Reformation thus imposes the almost total abandonment of religious themes or those drawn from antiquity, and the artists will have to conform to this new ideology. They will have to turn to a description of the nature and society of their time. But again it is not observed that artists working in this new context have felt these new orientations as a constraint. Elites, artists and populations of these countries of northern Europe, little marked by Roman influences, both that of antiquity and that of the Church, undoubtedly share the same vision of the world whose art is an expression free exactly as Romanesque and Gothic painting had been since a millennium.

Official, academic, totally elitist, ideologically monolithic and totalitarian painting appears from the 1950s onward, from New York, where it appeared in the 1920s and later. It is Contemporary Art, an official art, imposed, not only reserved but separate, highly financed, and highly financial. Free artists will then take refuge in private commercial art and street art. This artistic dichotomy is certainly very significant, a reflection of certain major characteristics of contemporary society.
The most obvious observation is that at the top of the social ladder there has emerged a separate art, reserved for the elite, which no longer has the intersocial function that has constantly been that of the ancient arts in the history of Europe. and even the universal history. This is the finding of a break in dialogue between classes, at least at this level of art. This does not necessarily exclude that intersocial dialogue can be established by other means. But not through official art, except perhaps the exception of architecture.
Radio, cinema, the press, advertising do not function as vectors of real communication between elites and peoples, but more essentially as instruments of propaganda. They are the decisive circuits by which the ideological and political elites exercise their control over the thinking of peoples at all levels of the social and cultural ladder.
Private art and street art, an important sector of true art, function more as well-demarcated, "cultural reserves" whose function is very close to that of natural or animal reserves. The same is also the non-art of the streets, vandal graffitis.
At all times art allows a reading of the ideological, political, social, and technical conditions in which it has expressed itself.

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